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)
2 |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The rapid penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs)
and charging infrastructure entails the need of harnessing
PEVs’ load exibility and storage capacity to friendly
integrate into the grid system. Through Vehicle Grid
Integration (VGI) measures—managed charging and
Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G), PEVs can be conducive to balancing
the electricity system, reducing costly grid upgrade, and
supporting large renewable integration.
However, one of the primary technological barriers to
implement VGI in China is the lack of open and interoperable
communication protocols among PEVs, Electric Vehicle
Charging Stations (EVSE), Charging Point Operators
(CPO)/aggregators, and utilities (like Distribution Service
Operators, DSO) that enable VGI. Based on the investigation
of the prevailing international and domestic communication
protocols (including open and proprietary ones) used in VGI
pilots, this study unravels that China’s current PEV-EVSE
standard (GB/T 27930) doesn’t support VGI, EVSE-CPO
and CPO-DSO protocols are mainly proprietary with the
absence of VGI functionality, all the protocols have weak
cybersecurity protection.
With the large roll-out of charging infrastructure investments
as a part of the “New Infrastructure” stimulus plan, charging
facilities will not only grow in quantities, but also become
smarter and interoperable. To avoid stranded asset dilemma
and expensive hardware updates, and to create a leveling
playground for charging facilities, the study recommends:
Step up the standardization process for the hierarchy
of VGI-capable protocols, including amendments on
the PEV-EVSE standard (GB/T 27930), expansion
of the functionalities and the adoption of the open
EVSE-CPO protocol (T/CEC 102), the standardization
of the CPO-DSO protocol, and the development
of standard VGI use cases based on the trove of
VGI pilots (also underscoring the needs to explore
diverse VGI business models and use cases) as well
as the systematic enhancement of the cybersecurity
measures. The protocols should also be updated or
developed with sufficient “backward compatibility”
and clarity to avoid interoperability conflicts.
Ensure the widespread adoption of the hierarchy of
VGI-capable protocols, including revisions on the
conformance testing protocols, consideration of official
certification of products compliant with the protocols,
and the openness of distribution data by utilities.
背景
电动汽车的普及对电网造成了巨大的挑战。然而,与常规负
荷不同,电动汽车既可作为可调节负荷,也可作为移动储能设施。
对电动汽车进行智能控制,不仅可降低其对电网的负面影响,还可
抑制电网供需双侧的随机性,在高比例可再生能源渗透下为电力平
衡提供支撑。利用电动汽车的灵活负荷特性与储能功能,可通过电
动汽车有序充电、电动汽车双向充放电,实现上述的电动汽车与电
网协同(以下简称“车网协同”或“VGI”)。
根据国务院出台的《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035
年)》,实现车网协同,需要“建立新能源汽车与相关产业融合发
展的综合标准体系”,打破车-桩-网不同主体间的信息交互隔阂。
建立互操作性强的车-桩-网通信协议体系的益处在于:
■降低车网协同试点的实施成本:中国实现车网协同的主
要技术阻碍之一是缺乏支持车-桩-网互联的开放、标准化
的通信协议体系(薛露露等 2020)。在标准体系缺失的
情况下,车网协同试点需要扩展现有协议或自定义私有
协议,这些都会增加车网协同试点的实施难度与成本。
■避免技术更新导致资产搁置:充电桩作为中国“新基
建”的重要组成,正经历互联互通、智能化带来的技术
迭代升级。扩展性好的通信协议可以更好地支持车辆和
充电桩间、充电桩与运营商间,以及运营商之间的信息
交换,避免未来高昂的设备升级成本与充电资产搁置的
问题。
■保障国内充电服务市场的公平竞争:开放标准可大幅提
升充电设备兼容性,降低设备生产成本。设备生产企业
可规避产品定制化导致的高成本,充电运营商可无缝接
手其他运营商转让的充电桩资产,整个市场也能避免垄
断或专利壁垒导致的成本提升。
■打破技术与贸易壁垒、拓展国际市场:制定标准可帮助
中国在世界多边贸易体系中提升竞争力,提供参与国际
电动汽车有序充电:简 称“ 有 序 充 电 ”,指通过运用经
济或技术措施进行引导和协调,按照一定的策略对电动汽
车进行充电。
电动汽车双向充放电(V2G):电 动 汽 车 动 力 电 池 通 过
充 放电 装置与电网相 连,作为储能单元 参 与电网能量平衡与
辅 助 服 务 ,实 现 双 向 能 量 流 动 。
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